Bundiyarra – Irra Wangga Language Program operate with language communities throughout the Mid-West, Murchison and Gascoyne, a region comprising over 275,000 square kilometres. Based on the 2011 census over 63,000 people live in this vast region, with 6,600 identifying as Aboriginal.
Traditionally there were 12-15 distinct language groups in the Mid-West, Murchison and Gascoyne regions, however since European invasion Aboriginal languages and cultures have suffered enormous erosion. This unfortunate history has seen the loss of many of the languages of the region.
Map of the Aboriginal Languages of the Miwest, Murchison and Gascoyne regions - Western Australia.
Today, Irra Wangga supports language work on seven of the languages of the region. These are languages that continue to be spoken fluently, languages that have partial speakers, or are languages that unfortunately have no current speakers, but have enthusiastic support from communities who are interested in reclaiming or revitalising their language.
Badimaya
About the people and culture
Badimaya is the traditional language and name of the people from the area around Lake Moore, Ninghan Station and Paynes Find. Today, however, Badimaya people can be found in towns across the Murchison Region, including Geraldton, Mount Magnet, Yalgoo and Meekatharra.
Badimaya is a very endangered language, with only a handful of speakers remaining. However, there are many Badimaya people who know some words or phrases in the language, or who can understand some of the language when it is spoken.
About the language
Badimaya is classified as a member of the Kartu subgroup of the southwest group of the Pama-Nyungan language family (Voegelin and Voegelin, 1966, p. 128).
Badimaya, like many Aboriginal languages, has been spelt many different ways in the past, including Badimia, Badimaia, Badimara and Patimaya.
Little research was recorded on Badimaya before the 1980s, with only brief information recorded by Tindale (1974), Gould (1968) and Day (1957). The first thorough research into the Badimaya language was in the early 1980s by linguist Leone Dunn. This research led to the publication of a Badimaya Sketch Grammar in 1988.
Since the early 1990s, linguists and language workers from YLAC and Bundiyarra – Irra Wangga have worked with several Badimaya speakers, mainly in and around Mount Magnet.
Resources available
Irra Wangga has worked with community members to produce language-learning material, including two bilingual children’s books, Joe Benjamin Stories: The Mallee Hen and Joe Benjamin Stories: The Porcupine Story.
Four more bilingual books (Bush Yarns from Mount Magnet: Finding Bimba, Bush Yarns from Mount Magnet: Looking for Quandongs, Bush Yarns from Mount Magnet: Where’s the Goanna, Badimaya Birds), a Badimaya seasonal calendar, Badimaya Guwaga: An Illustrated Badimaya Wordlist, and a Badimaya Dictionary are scheduled for publication later in 2013.
Malgana
About the people and culture
The Malgana people traditionally lived in and around Shark Bay, known as Gathaagudu in the Malgana language. Malgana is surrounded by a number of languages, including Yingkarta to the north, Nhanda to the south and Wajarri to the east.
Malgana is no longer spoken today, but there are some people in the community who still know some words and phrases in Malgana.
About the language
Malgana is typical of the Pama-Nyungan type of Australian languages (Gargett 2012, p. 1).
Malgana, like many Aboriginal languages, has been spelt many different ways in the past, including Malkana, Madjana and Maldjana.
Research has been collected on the Malgana language sporadically for over a century, including wordlists by Hooley (1865), Barlee (1886), O’Grady (1960) and von Brandenstein (1966). The majority of the linguistic material collected on Malgana, however, has been from Florey (1992), and Marmion (Yamaji Language Centre, 1995). Gargett has also conducted research on Malgana, using predominantly material collected by Florey and Marmion, and this has resulted in the publication of a Malgana Sketch Grammar (Gargett 2012).
Resources available
Yamaji Language Centre worked with community members to produce a language learning resource, Malgana Wangganyina: An illustrated wordlist of the Malgana language of Western Australia. This is available from Irra Wangga.
A sketch grammar of Malgana (Gargett 2012) is available from Pacific Linguistics.
Nhanda
About the people and culture
Nhanda people traditionally lived along ‘a coastal strip 20-100 kilometres wide from present-day Geraldton north to the Murchison River’ (Blevins 2001, p. 1).
Nhanda country boarders Malgana to the North, Wajuk (a northern dialect of Nyungar) to the south, and Wajarri to the northeast. It is unclear what languages were spoken between the southern extent of Nhanda and the northern extent of Wajuk, and between the eastern extent of Nhanda and the western extent of Badimaya (Blevins 2001, p. 5).
Nhanda is no longer fully spoken today, although there remain some partial speakers of the language, and there are many community members who know some Nhanda words and phrases.
About the language
Nhanda belongs to the Pama-Nyungan language family. Nhanda is unique among the languages of the Mid-West, in that it displays a voicing contrast which isn’t present in other languages of the region, and it has a distinctive sound – the glottal stop.
Nhanda, like many Aboriginal languages, has been spelt many different ways in the past, including Nanda, Nunda and Nhanta.
The main research conducted on Nhanda occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s by the Yamaji Language Centre, and by linguist Juliette Blevins. This research resulted in the production of a Nhanda Sketch Grammar (Blevins 2001). Before this research, the only information collected on the language were several collections of nineteenth and twentieth century wordlists, including Foley (1985), Oldfield (1986), Goldsworthy (1986a, b), Bates, von Brandenstein (1965, 1973), Gratte (1967) and Drury (1989).
Resources available
Yamaji Language Centre worked with community members to produce a language learning resource, Nhanda Wangganhaa: An illustrated wordlist of the Nhanda language of Western Australia. This is available from Irra Wangga.
A sketch grammar of Nhanda (Blevins 2001) is available from University of Hawai’i Press.
Ngarla (Ngarlawangga)
About the people and culture
Ngarla is the name of the language and people from the Upper Murchison – Gascoyne area of Western Australia.
Ngarla has also been referred to as Ngarlawangga, possibly to distinguish it from the unrelated Ngarla language in the north Pilbara Region. In respect of Ngarla Elders, however, we use the term that they prefer: Ngarla.
Ngarla country boarders Yinhawangka to the North, Wajarri to the southwest, and Western Desert to the east.
Ngarla is no longer spoken today, although there remain some community members who know some words and phrases in the language.
About the language
Ngarla belongs to the Pama-Nyungan language family, in the Ngayarda sub-group. Other languages in this sub-group include Yinhawangka, Jurruru and Kurrama.
Resources available
Bundiyarra – Irra Wangga have worked with community members to produce language-learning resources in Ngarla, including Ngarla Numbers and Jamie’s Bush Tucker Trip.
Wajarri
About the people and culture
Wajarri is the traditional language and name of the people from ‘the area between the Wooramel and Gascoyne Rivers south to between the Murchison River and the Geraldton-Mount Magnet Road; in the west it approached the coastal highway and in the east it extended to around Mileura Station’ (Marmion 1996, p. 2). However today Wajarri people can be found scattered across the Mid-West, Murchison and Gascoyne regions.
Wajarri is the most widely spoken language of the region, yet still critically endangered with less than 30 fluent speakers remaining, most of whom are over 60 years old.
About the language
Wajarri is classified as a member of the Kartu subgroup of the southwest group of the Pama-Nyungan language family (Voegelin and Voegelin, 1966, p. 128).
The language is sometimes (incorrectly) referred to as Yamaji, however this is actually a word from the Wajarri language which traditionally means ‘Aboriginal man’. However, today the meaning of ‘Yamaji’ has been extended to mean any Aboriginal person from the Mid-West/ Murchison region. Speakers of Wajarri refer to their language as Wajarri, and to themselves as both Wajarri and Yamaji people (Mackman 2011, p. 231).
Wajarri country covers a vast geographical area, so it isn’t surprising that the language consists of several distinct varieties, or dialects. Dialects occur when groups of speakers are separated from others of the same language for long enough that noticeable change in their language takes place (Mackman 2011, p. 244). Some Wajarri dialects include Birdungu, Nharnu, Nhugarn, Byro, Mileura and Ngunuru.
Wajarri, like many Aboriginal languages, has been spelt many different ways in the past, including Wadjari, Watjarri and Wajeri.
Bundiyarra – Irra Wangga Language Program, and before this, the Yamaji Language Centre, have been conducting research on Wajarri since 1991. Prior to this several linguists and anthropologists have conducted research on the language since. Bates (1913) collected some wordlists of Wajarri, however the most substantial research before the 1990s was by linguist Wilf Douglas in the 1960s. From this research a sketch grammar was produced (Douglas 1981).
Resources available
Yamaji Language Centre and Bundiyarra – Irra Wangga have worked with community members to produce several language-learning resources in Wajarri, including the Wajarri Dictionary, Wajarri Wangga: Wajarri Words, The Wajarri Alphabet Pack, Night Animals, The Lost Emu, How the Yamaji Got Fire and Dambamanmanha. These are all available from Irra Wangga.
In the 1980s a sketch grammar of Wajarri was published (Douglas 1981), and since then A Description of the Morphology of Wajarri was written by Doug Marmion, a linguist who worked at Yamaji Language Centre (Marmion, 1996).
Warriyangka
About the people and culture
Warriyangka is the name of the language and people traditionally living ‘along the upper Lyons River, and the Edmund River, and including the present-day stations of Minnie Creek, Gifford Creek and Edmund’ (Austin 1992, p. v).
Warriyangka country boarders Yingkarta to the south, Tharrgari to the west, Jiwarli and Thiin to the north and Wajarri to the east.
Warriyangka is no longer spoken today, although there remain some community members who know some words and phrases in the language.
About the language
Warriyangka is part of the Pama-Nyungan language family, a large group of Indigenous languages covering much of Australia. It belongs to the Mantharta sub-group of languages along with Jiwarli, Thiin and Tharrgari.
Resources available
A dictionary of Warriyangka was published in the 1990s (Austin 1992), however it is now out of print.
There are no other resources currently available in Warriyangka, however there are plans for the publication of more language materials for this language in the near future.
Yingkarta
About the people and culture
The Yingkarta people traditionally lived on the coast, along the Gascoyne and Wooramel Rivers, inland to around Gascoyne Junction.
Yingkarta is surrounded by a number of languages, including Maya, Bayungu, Tharrgari and Warriyangka to the north, Malgana to the south and Wajarri to the east.
Yingkarta is no longer fully spoken today, although there remain some partial speakers of the language, and there are many community members who know some Yingkarta words and phrases.
About the language
Yingkarta is a typical Australian language of the Pama-Nyungan type (Dench 1998, p. 5). Research suggests that there were two dialects of Yingkarta, a southern and northen dialect, although no distinct dialect names have been recorded (Dench 1998, p. 5).
Yingkarta, like many Aboriginal languages, has been spelt many different ways in the past, including Inggarda, Yinggarda and Ingarda.
Sporadic research was conducted in the late 1800s and the 1900s. This included wordlists and transcripts by Curr (1865), O’Grady & O’Grady (1958), O’Grady, Voegelin & Voegelin (1966) and Tindale (1974). The majority of the research on Yingkarta was conducted by Dench in the 1970s and 80s. From this research a sketch grammar was produced (Dench 1998). A dictionary of Yingkarta has also been written by Austin (1992).
Resources available
A dictionary of Yingkarta was published in the 1990s (Austin 1992), however it is now out of print. A sketch grammar of the language was written by Dench (1998).
There are no other resources currently available in Yingkarta, however there are plans for the publication of more language materials for this language in the near future.
Some Phrases in Yingkarta
Yantakarni! Come here!
Ngatharna kamu I’m hungry
Wantha ngathanu kantharri? Where’s my mother?
Can you help us to sustain the language in your community?
Can you speak any language?
If the answer is yes our language team would be please to hear from you. Be part of this very important process of preserving language in our communities. We welcome you to phone us on (08) 9920 7900 or email: linguist1@irrawangga.org.au
.png "Bundiyarra")